Holotype: The single specimen designated as the type of a species by the original author at the time the species name and description was published.

Isotype: A duplicate specimen of the holotype.

Syntype: Any of two or more specimens listed in the original description of a taxon when a holotype was not designated.

Isosyntype: A duplicate of a syntype.

Paratype: A specimen not formally designated as a type but cited along with the type collection in the original description of a taxon.

Lectotype: A specimen chosen by a later researcher to serve as if it were the holotype. It is chosen from among the specimens available to the original publishing author (the isotypes, syntypes and/or paratypes) of a scientific name when the holotype was either lost or destroyed, or when no holotype was designated.

Neotype: A specimen chosen by a later researcher to serve in place of a holotype when all specimens available to the original publishing author of a scientific name have been lost or destroyed.

Topotype: A specimen of a plant collected from the same locality as the holotype and usually on a different date. A topotype has no formal standing. = locotype

Cotype: A term formerly used for syntype and sometimes (erroneously) for isotype and paratype. This is an old term that was used loosely and is not used by today's taxonomists.

Generitype: The type specimen of a genus. It is designated by using the type for the name of a particular species within that genus. For example, the generitype for Aster is the type for Aster amellus L.

For further information on the Vascular Plant Type Specimens Imaging Project, please contact our Imaging Coordinator.

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