HBV分析
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The Study of Hepatitis B Virus Using Bioinformatics
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/50624 -
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https://www.niid.go.jp/niid/images/JJID/58/244.pdf
Analysis of genomic-length HBV sequences to determine genotype and subgenotype reference sequences -
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1567134821004846#bb0040
Analysis of entire hepatitis B virus genomes reveals reversion of mutations to wild type in natural infection, a 15 year follow-up study2.6. NGS data preprocessing and sample genotyping
Quality control and preprocessing of each sample's raw NGS short reads was performed by fastp v0.20.1 (Chen et al., 2018). The adapter sequences were removed and 15 bases of each read were trimmed from the 5’end. Any reads with an average quality score lower than 30, or length shorter than 50 nt, were filtered further. The remaining high quality reads from each sample were then mapped to a common reference sequence (accession no. X02763) using bowtie2 v2.3.4.1 (Langmead and Salzberg, 2012). After sorting and removing the duplications using Samtools v1.7 (Li et al., 2009), the consensus sequence was generated using CliqueSNV v1.5.3 (Knyazev et al., 2021). Consensus sequences of all samples were then multi-aligned with the reference sequences from HBVdb (Hayer et al., 2013) and three additional sequences, including FJ023664 of genotype I, AB486012 of genotype J, and AM117397 from Africa chimpanzees as the outgroup. A maximum-likelihood tree was then constructed using MEGA 7 (Kumar et al., 2016) and each sample was genotyped accordingly.这个文章里面做consensus序列的时候 用的是 cliqueSNV 该软件和samtools consensus 的对比需要研究下:

2.7. Haplotype construction and diversity analysis
分型完毕后 每个样本对应的参考序列就可以更具体 然后进行突变分析
bowtie2's very-sensitive-local 比对
Sambamba 去重
CliqueSNV haplotype reconstruction
haplotypes with a minimum abundance of 1% -
二代数据分析过程
对比分型
使用比对 直接将reads比对到参考基因组上 然后进行统计blast分型
使用blast直接和hdvdb进行对比查询(ncbi自己的分型工具对查询序列进行了分段 类似kmer 我们一般拿到的reads双端文件 感觉和这种分段很类似 可以直接查询 也不用组装了)ncbi宣称好处是可以找出“重组”过的病毒类型 即一个病毒由多个病毒拼接而成 这种情况很难和混合样本(一个样本有多个分型的感染)区分开

直接使用reads 来分型 可以参考这个文章
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC4382110/
进化树方式进行分型:
1.fastp :质控和预处理
2.去接头(可选)
3.过滤:碱基质量
4.比对:bowtie2、bwa-mem 和通用株X02763
5.排序、去重:Samtools
6.生成一致性序列:CliqueSNV
7.多序列比对:和hdvdb数据库进行多序列比对(blast方法不需要这个步骤 由于病毒的变化很多 很可能在多序列比对时无法有效对齐)
8.构建进化树:MEGA 7 maximum-likelihood方法 该步骤就可以得到每个样本的分型构建单倍型 Haplotype construction
1.比对:和该样本的对应分型参考序列进行比对
bowtie2's very-sensitive-local
2.去重:Sambamba
3.构建单倍型:CliqueSNVdiversity analysis
香农商Shannon entropy (Sn):
S = −pilnpi, where pi is the frequency of each haplotype in the viral quasispecies population
genetic diversity (D) :MEGA X v10.1.8 genetic distance of the haplotypes
病毒进化率 viral evolutionary rates:MEGA 7 HKY substitution model 、BEAST v2.6.3、Tracer统计分析
SPSS突变分析
Samtools mpileup: -
https://www.rivm.nl/mpf/typingtool/hev/introduction
一个在线的hev的分型工具 有参考报告 -
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11230757/
Nomenclature for antiviral-resistant human hepatitis B virus mutations in the polymerase region
HBV耐药性突变的命名规则 rtL180M -
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https://jbiomedsci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12929-018-0442-4
Applications of next-generation sequencing analysis for the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma-associated hepatitis B virus mutations
这篇文章分析了HBV突变和肝癌的相关性
1.对于组装 文章提到有参组装更好 相对de novo 组装而言 毕竟illumina的reads比较短2.文章里面提到了一个sample-specific 参考序列、同基因型的参考序列、其他不兼容参考序列对假阳性的影响。

这个文章很水 没有提到生信是怎么做的 -
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四医大HBV分析记录
1.使用bbmerge合并R1 R2 下面脚本的意思是使用find找到样本名称 然后使用这个样本名称传递给parallel并发处理find ../all_data/*_L001_R1_001.fastq.gz | sed 's/_L001_R1_001.fastq.gz$//' | parallel 'bbmerge.sh in1=../all_data/{}_L001_R1_001.fastq.gz in2=../all_data/{}_L001_R2_001.fastq.gz out={}.fastq outu1={}.R1.umerged outu2={}.R2.unmerged'发现327个样本中 有几个样本 R1 和 R2 的数量不一致 针对这些样本 使用spades进行组装 取最长的序列进行第二步
因为涉及到组装 无法进行混合样品的分析 把这些样本当作单样本处理
将所有的fastq转成fasta(blast只识别fasta)parallel 'seqtk seq -a {}> {.}.fasta' ::: *.fastq2.使用blast 对样本中的序列进行分型 得到每个样本中各种分型的序列数量
构建blast数据库
从hbvdb下载的参考序列 有一个类别是RF 例如 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/EU871985.1?report=genbank&log$=nuclalign&blast_rank=1&RID=Z8DW1MY8016 这个序列 NCBI没有标识类型 hbvdb将其注释为了BC重组型 我们当前先把这种RF的去掉makeblastdb -in all_hbvdb_Genomes.fas -dbtype nuclblastn -task blastn -max_target_seqs 1 -query ../0-merging-pe/100_S42.fasta -db ../hbvdb/all_hbvdb_Genomes.fas -num_threads 10 -out 100_S42.m8 -outfmt 6nohup bash -c "find ../0-merging-pe/*.fasta | sed 's/.fasta$//' | parallel --joblog ./logs -j40 blastn -task blastn -max_target_seqs 1 -query ../0-merging-pe/{}.fasta -db ../hbvdb/A-H/HBV_A_H.fas -out {/}.m8 -outfmt 6 " &3.比对
nohup bash -c "find ../all_data/*_L001_R1_001.fastq.gz | sed 's/_L001_R1_001.fastq.gz$//' | parallel 'bwa mem -M AB033556_hbc_type_C.fasta {}_L001_R1_001.fastq.gz {}_L001_R2_001.fastq.gz > {/}.sam' " &nohup parallel "samtools view -bF 4 {} > {/.}.bam" ::: ./sam/*.sam & parallel samtools sort {} -o {.}.sorted.bam ::: *.bam4.call
nohup parallel "lofreq indelqual {} --dindel -f ../3-mapping/AB033556_hbc_type_C.fasta -o {/.}.sorted.dindel.bam " ::: ../3-mapping/bam/*.sorted.bam & nohup parallel "lofreq call {} --call-indels -f ../3-mapping/AB033556_hbc_type_C.fasta -o {/.}.vcf " ::: *.bam &5.分析单倍型
find /ceph_disk2/siyida_327_sample/3-mapping/sam/ -name "*.sam" -exec basename \{} .sam \; | sed 's/.sam$//' |parallel 'java -jar clique-snv.jar -m snv-illumina -in /ceph_disk2/siyida_327_sample/3-mapping/sam/{}.sam' -
spades的组装
/home/bioinfo/miniconda2/envs/assembly/bin/spades.py -1 /ceph_disk3/hbv/HBV_illumina/106/106_S46_L001_R1_001.fastq -2 /ceph_disk3/hbv/HBV_illumina/106/106_S46_L001_R2_001.fastq -o /ceph_disk3/hbv/HBV_illumina/106/spades -
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1386653218300970
Frequency of hepatitis B surface antigen variants (HBsAg) in hepatitis B virus genotype B and C infected East- and Southeast Asian patients: Detection by the Elecsys
HBsAg II assay
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https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0172101
Ultra-deep sequencing reveals high prevalence and broad structural diversity of hepatitis B surface antigen mutations in a global population
https://github.com/spabinger/HBV_data_publication_2016_07
an MHR variant was defined as a nucleotide sequence change in the S gene region (encoding amino acids 99 to 170) with an allele frequency >5% (in both sequencing directions) and at least 3 variant reads present on the forward as well as on the reverse strand.

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https://sci-hub.st/10.1159/000361076
Hepatitis B Virus Drug Resistance Tools:
One Sequence, Two Predictions
www.genafor.org/services.phpHIV-GRADE HBV
文章提到了一些工具 用于分型、耐药、免疫逃逸的分析

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Genetic Diversity of Hepatitis B Virus
Strains Derived Worldwide: Genotypes,
Subgenotypes, and HBsAg Subtypeshttps://sci-hub.st/10.1159/000080872
对HBV进行进化树分析 里面也提到血清型和基因型之间的复杂的对应关系。
涉及的软件:
DNADIST and NEIGHBOR from the Phylip program package version 3.53PUZZLE
Bootstrap on 1,000 replicas was performed with SEQBOOT, DNADIST, NEIGHBOR, and CONSENSE from the Phylip package.
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https://www.aimspress.com/article/doi/10.3934/microbiol.2020024?viewType=HTML
突变可能造成的影响 这个论文做了一个总结



